Subordination and Coordination (Complex and Compound Sentences)
Complex Sentence
A complex sentence has two clauses. One clause is dependent or subordinate; the other clause is independent, that is to say, the independent clause is the complete sentence.
Examples:
While I was tanning in Hermosa Beach, I noticed the clouds were playing hide and seek.
Because I have a tendency to eat entire pizzas, inhaling them within seconds, I must avoid that fattening food.
Whenever I’m driving my car and I see people texting while driving, I stop my car on the side of the road.
I have to work out every day because I am addicted to exercise-induced dopamine.
I feel overcome with a combination of romantic melancholy and giddy excitement whenever there is a thunderstorm.
We use subordination to show cause and effect. To create subordinate clauses, we must use a subordinate conjunction:
The essential ingredient in a complex sentence is the subordinate conjunction:
|
after |
once |
until |
I work out too much. I have tenderness in my elbow.
Because I work out too much, I suffer tenderness in my elbow.
My elbow hurts. I’m working out.
Even though my elbow hurts, I’m working out.
We use coordination to show an equal rank of ideas. To combine sentences with coordination we use FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
The calculus class has been canceled. We will have to do something else.
The calculus class has been canceled, so we will have to do something else.
I want more pecan pie. They only have apple pie.
I want more pecan pie, but they only have apple pie.
Using FANBOYS creates compound sentences
Angelo loves to buy a new radio every week, but his wife doesn’t like it.
You have high cholesterol, so you have to take statins.
I am tempted to eat all the rocky road ice cream, yet I will force myself to nibble on carrots and celery.
I want to go to the Middle Eastern restaurant today, and I want to see a movie afterward.
I really like the comfort of elastic-waist pants, but wearing them makes me feel like an old man.
Both subordination and coordination combine sentences into smoother, clearer sentences.
The following four sentences are made smoother and clearer with the help of subordination:
McMahon felt gluttonous. He inhaled five pizzas. He felt his waist press against his denim waistband in a cruel, unforgiving fashion. He felt an acute ache in his stomach.
Because McMahon felt gluttonous, he inhaled five pizzas upon which he felt his waist press against his denim waistband resulting in an acute stomach ache.
Another Example
Joe ate too much heavily salted popcorn. The saltiness made him thirsty. He consumed several gallons of water before bedtime. He was up going to the bathroom all night. He got a bad night’s sleep. He performed terribly during his job interview.
Due to his foolish consumption of salted popcorn, Joe was so thirsty he drank several gallons of water before bedtime, which caused him to go to the bathroom all night, interfering with his night’s sleep and causing him to do terribly on his job interview.
Another Example
Bob dropped his peanut butter sandwich in the tiger’s enclosure. He leaned over the fence to reach for his sandwich. He fell over the fence. A tiger approached Bob. The zookeeper ran between the stupid zoo customer and the wild beast. The zookeeper tore his rotator cuff.
After Bob dropped his peanut butter sandwich in the tiger’s enclosure, he leaned over the fence to recover his sandwich and fell into the enclosure during which time he was approached by a hungry tiger, forcing the nearby zookeeper to run between Bob and wild beast. During the struggle, the zookeeper tore his rotator cuff.
Don’t Do Subordination Overkill
After Bob dropped his peanut butter sandwich in the tiger’s enclosure, he leaned over the fence to recover his sandwich and fell into the enclosure during which time he was approached by a hungry tiger forcing the nearby zookeeper to run between Bob and the wild beast in such a manner that the zookeeper tore his rotator cuff, which resulted in a prolonged disability leave and the loss of his job, a crisis that compelled the zookeeper to file a lawsuit against Bob for financial damages.
Outline for Essay 2, a Contrast-Comparison of Jim Crow 1.0 and Jim Crow 2.0
Paragraph 1: Write an extended definition of Jim Crow 1.0 (Building Block #1)
Paragraph 2: Write an extended definition of Jim Crow 2.0
Paragraph 3: Write a thesis that presents a contrast and comparison of Jim Crow 1.0 and Jim Crow 2.0.
Paragraphs 4-6: Show similarities between 1.0 and 2.0
Paragraphs 7-9: Show key differences between 1.0 and 2.0
Conclusion: a dramatic restatement of your thesis
Works Cited with 4 sources
In this post, we will do the following:
- review key differences between Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0
- examine how complex sentences with dependent and independent clauses are effective for writing a Jim Crow comparison/contrast thesis
- review essay outline for the Jim Crow essay
Review Differences and Similarities of Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0 to Prepare for Writing Your Thesis
Key Differences Between Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0
- 1.0 had segregation laws to reinforce the caste system whereas segregation in 2.0 is based on disparities in real estate wealth.
- In Jim Crow 1.0, violence was used to reinforce the caste system whereas in 2.0, as Childish Gambino’s “This Is America” illustrates, technological indolence, the apathy that results from social media addiction, becomes a way of impeding success and equality.
- Racism in 1.0 was generated from white resentment for losing the Civil War, losing their way of life romanticized by the lies of The Lost Cause, and scapegoating African Americans while racism in 2.0 is based on a global form of racism based on The Great Replacement Theory.
- The racial hierarchy in 1.0 was based on a ruling and servile class whereas 2.0 relies on the Prison Industrial Complex to generate millions of high-paying jobs in the Complex while creating cheap prison labor and a culture of lifelong incarceration.
Key Similarities Between Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0
- Both 1.0 and 2.0 rely on caricature propaganda as a form of weaponized misinformation to reinforce racist attitudes and beliefs.
- Both 1.0 and 2.0 encourage violence and a race war to champion white ethnic tribalism under the guise of the Christian religion when in fact the Christian faith is a facade for a flagrant power grab. White nationalists are “Christian” in name only. In their deeds, they are servants of the devil.
- Both 1.0 and 2.0 attempt to impede constitutional rights by voter suppression and voter intimidation.
How to take similarities and differences together in a thesis sentence with a dependent and independent clause:
Write a Dependent and Independent Clause
A dependent clause has a noun and verb and a subordination conjunction, so it’s an incomplete idea.
Whenever McMahon watches Netflix
After McMahon walks on the beach
Even though McMahon admires the styling of European cars
All of the above clauses are dependent because they don’t contain a complete idea.
To complete the idea, we must add an independent clause.
Whenever McMahon watches Netflix, he eats a giant bowl of Raisin Bran with sliced bananas and clove honey, followed by a 64-ounce glass of spring water spiked with fresh lemon juice.
After McMahon walks on the beach, he shakes the sand out of his shoes.
Even though McMahon admires the styling of European cars, he only buys Honda.
Here are some common subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as long as, because, before, despite, even if, even though, if, in order that, rather than, since, so that, that, though, unless, until, when, where, whereas, whether, and while.
When we write thesis statements for a comparison/contrast essay, we typically combine a dependent and independent clause.
If you are emphasizing the similarities of Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0, the similarities will go at the end of your thesis in the independent clause.
If you are emphasizing the difference between Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0, the differences will go at the end of your thesis in the independent clause.
Sample #1 with emphasis on similarities
Whereas Jim Crow 1.0 was more terrifying than 2.0 in that it relied on segregation laws, white rage from losing the Civil War, and unencumbered lynchings with the cooperation of law enforcement and while 2.0 has more layers of complexities from existing in the social media age, both Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0 have similarities based on weaponized misinformation, a mythology that supports a race war, and voter suppression.
Sample #2 with emphasis on differences
While Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0 have similarities based on weaponized misinformation, a mythology that supports a race war, and voter suppression, Jim Crow 1.0 was the more virulent manifestation of racism because it relied on segregation laws, white rage from losing the Civil War, and unencumbered lynchings with the cooperation of law enforcement.
Sample #3 with emphasis on differences
While both Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0 have similarities based on weaponized misinformation, a mythology that supports a race war, and voter suppression, in many ways it is more difficult to combat Jim Crow 2.0 because much of its racism is packaged as “the war on crime,” much of its racism is embedded in laws of systemic injustice that are difficult to glean from the morass of everyday life, much of its racism is based on the lethargy and moral apathy of indifference, and because people of all races are sleeping in a state of technological indolence that distracts them from the insidious forces of Jim Crow 2.0.
Structuring Your Essay
Suggested Outline for Essay 2, a Contrast-Comparison of Jim Crow 1.0 and Jim Crow 2.0
Paragraph 1: Write an extended definition of Jim Crow 1.0 (Building Block #1)
Paragraph 2: Write an extended definition of Jim Crow 2.0
Paragraph 3: Write a thesis that presents a contrast and comparison of Jim Crow 1.0 and Jim Crow 2.0.
Paragraphs 4-6: Show similarities between 1.0 and 2.0
Paragraphs 7-9: Show key differences between 1.0 and 2.0
Conclusion: a dramatic restatement of your thesis
Works Cited with 4 sources
Point by Point Method Comparison Contrast Essay
MLA Formatting In-Text Citations by Caruso
Comparing Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0
Messaging War: White Nationalists Use Misinformation
Both Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0 Have a Messaging War or Information War:
From Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow by Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
Reconstruction and “Redemption”
Jim Crow was not merely a reaction to the South losing the Civil War; Jim Crow was hostile toward Reconstruction, the attempt of white people to atone for the sins of slavery by giving aid and comfort to the freedpeople, an act that incurred rage in white southerners.
White southerners soon killed Reconstruction, which only lasted about 10 years, and replaced Reconstruction with Jim Crow, which in a cruel irony, has been called Redemption, and the white people who championed Jim Crow laws called themselves “Redeemers.” This use of language shows that racism was largely a war based on misinformation and brainwashing, which entails the perversion of language. It is a perversion to call racists “Redeemers.”
Referring to this information war, civil rights attorney Bryan Stevenson said in a Vox interview: “The North won the Civil war, but the South won the Narrative war.”
The Narrative war continues with white supremacists. Take for example that white supremacists and white nationalists have a deep love for Vladimir Putin who recently bombed a maternity hospital in Ukraine killing pregnant women and their children. Yet Putin calls the bombing “special operations to liberate the people from Nazis” and calls the pregnant women “crisis actors.”
Alex Jones calls the parents who lost their children in a school shooting massacre “crisis actors.”
White southern racists, Vladimir Putin, Alex Jones, and their ilk all use gaslighting, twisted language and an Upside Down world to tell you that slavery is good, bombing mothers in maternity wards is a rescue mission, and that parents of slaughtered first-graders are actors.
Racism has always been tied to lies and propaganda and gaslighting.
The Lost Cause Myth and "State Rights"
Speaking of lies, propaganda, and gaslighting, we can’t talk about Jim Crow without talking about the Lost Cause Myth.
The South has reframed the Civil War with a false narrative based on two heinous lies:
One, the war was not about slavery; rather, the south fought the war to protect “state rights” against the “overreaching federal government and Northern aggression.”
Two, slavery was a beautiful thing. In the words of Confederate “Father” Jefferson Davis, slavery had “a positive benefit”; the enslaved were “trained in the gentle arts of peace and order and civilization” and “savages were made into Christians.”
The Lost Cause Myth is so powerful that to this day, you can find Confederate flags waving above white people’s homes, and 240 public schools are named after Jefferson Davis and other Confederate leaders.
The message is clear: The Lost Cause Myth gives pride to many white people over their recalcitrant racism and it sends a message to the children who attend these schools: racism and veneration of racist figures is a good and normal thing.
In the messaging war, the south won.
Rewriting History
YouTube Video
“How Southern Socialites Rewrote Civil War History”
Contrasting Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0
The Lost Cause Myth is Replaced by The Great Replacement Theory
In Jim Crow 2.0, the messaging war is The Great Replacement Theory, the idea that there is a race war with demographics changing and whites becoming America’s minority by 2050.
The glue that connects this Great Replacement Theory can be found in the 1916 book by Madison Grant: The Passing of the Great Race, a book used by the Nazis and white supremacists today for talking points about how “other people” are taking over America. Such fears are in manifestos used by killers in the El Paso shooting in 2019, the Tree of Life Synagogue shooting of 2018, the Christchurch Mosque shootings in 2019, and others.
We see the Great Replacement Theory language on cable news. For example, Laura Ingraham on Fox News says, “The country we know and love doesn’t exist anymore” in the context of America’s shifting demographics.
There is a race war in the minds of the extreme right.
In this war, the “American way of life,” the white way of life, will be threatened.
YouTube video about The Great Replacement Mehdi Hasan
Messaging war in Jim Crow 2.0: The Mainstreaming of White Supremacy Talking Points to Encourage an All-White Society
Business Insider YouTube video
Lesson 5
Jim Crow Lesson 5: Voter Suppression & Jim Crow 2.0 Is a Race War
Common Thread Between Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0: Voter Suppression
Vice News video on “Voter Suppression: It’s the American Way.”
The Washington Post video: “How voter intimidation and suppression have evolved since the 15th Amendment.”
In the New York Times video: “What Do U.S. Elections Look Like Abroad?”
“This Is America”--Massacre as Public Spectacle
One of the repeated images in Childish Gambino’s “This Is America” is the massacre of the innocent. Gambino sees that racism has morphed from a racial hierarchy with a ruling and servile class to an all-out race war fed by social media misinformation.
Such a race war is analyzed in Spreading Hate: The Global Rise of White Terrorism by Daniel Byman.
The Great Replacement (explained by ADL)
As we read from the ADL website:
Once largely relegated to white supremacist rhetoric, “The Great Replacement” has made its way into mainstream consciousness in the past several years. From the chants of “Jews Will Not Replace Us” on the University of Virginia campus to then-U.S. Rep. Steve King’s tweeted protest, “We can’t restore our civilization with somebody else’s babies,” to Fox News’ Tucker Carlson’s complaints that the Democratic party is attempting to “replace the current electorate” with “third-world voters,” the racist conspiracy theory has well and truly arrived.
The following provides an introduction to “The Great Replacement:” Where it began, how it feeds into white supremacist grievances and which “mainstream” personalities have used it to score points and signal (not so subtly) their nativist point of view.
Origin Story
- “The Great Replacement” theory has its roots in early 20th century French nationalism and books by French nationalist and author Maurice Barres. However, it was French writer and critic Renaud Camus who popularized the phrase for today’s audiences when he published an essay titled "Le Grand Remplacement," or "the great replacement," in 2011. Camus himself alluded to the “great replacement theory” in his earlier works and was apparently influenced by Jean Raspail’s racist novel, The Camp of the Saints.
- Camus believes that native white Europeans are being replaced in their countries by non-white immigrants from Africa and the Middle East, and the end result will be the extinction of the white race.
- Camus focused on Muslim immigration to Europe and the theory that Muslims and other non-white populations had a much higher birth rate than whites. His initial concept did not focus on Jews and was not antisemitic.
- The “great replacement” philosophy was quickly adopted and promoted by the white supremacist movement, as it fit into their conspiracy theory about the impending destruction of the white race, also know as “white genocide.” It is also a strong echo of the white supremacist rallying cry, “the 14 words:” “We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children.”
- Since many white supremacists, particularly those in the United States, blame Jews for non-white immigration to the U.S. the replacement theory is now associated with antisemitism.
- The night before the August 2017 the Unite the Right rally, white supremacists, marching across the University of Virginia campus, shouted, “Jews will not replace us,” and “You will not replace us,” clear references to Camus’ theory.
Use By Individual Extremists
- In October 2018, white supremacist Robert Bowers killed 11 people at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, PA, after writing a Gab post blaming Jews for bringing non-white immigrants and refugees to the U.S.
- In March 2019, white supremacist Brenton Tarrant livestreamed himself killing 51 people at two mosques in New Zealand. Tarrant also released a manifesto online called “The Great Replacement,” an homage to Camus’ work.
- In April 2019, white supremacist John Earnest killed one and injured three at a synagogue in Poway, CA. In a letter he released online, Earnest claimed that Jews were responsible for the genocide of “white Europeans,” and cited the influence of Bowers and Tarrant.
- In August 2019, white supremacist Patrick Crusius opened fire at a Walmart in El Paso, TX, killing 23 people and wounding almost two dozen. In a manifesto, Crusius talked about a “Hispanic invasion” and made reference to the great replacement.
Use By Politicians
- In April 2019, Heinz-Christian Strache, campaigning for the Freedom Party of Austria ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election, endorsed the “great replacement” theory.
- The Identitarian movement, a white nationalist movement in Europe, has promoted the “great replacement” theory. Martin Sellner, the head of Generation Identitaire in Austria, is a particularly vocal promoter.
- Marine Le Pen, a far-right French politician, also promoted the idea of the “great replacement.”
- In March 2017, then-GOP Congressman (IA) Steve King tweeted his support for Geert Wilders a well-known anti-immigration activist from Europe. “Wilders understands that culture and demographics are our destiny,” the Congressman wrote. “We can’t restore our civilization with somebody else’s babies.” The tweet, which won praise from white supremacists, was a clear reference to replacement theory. In August 2018, King gave an interview to a far-right magazine in Austria, in which he promoted the “great replacement” theory.
- In an interview on Fox News Justice with Judge Jeanine in July 2020, GOP Congressman Matt Gaetz claimed that an "attempted cultural genocide" was occurring in the US and that the left wanted to "replace America."
Use by Media/Tech Personalities
- In July 2017, Lauren Southern, a Canadian far-right activist, released a video titled, “The Great Replacement,” promoting Camus’ themes. That summer, Southern was involved in “Defend Europe,” a project lead by European white nationalists to block the arrival of boats carrying African immigrants. Southern’s video further popularized Camus’ theory.
- In October 2018, on Fox News' The Ingraham Angle, host Laura Ingraham said, "your views on immigration will have zero impact and zero influence on a House dominated by Democrats who want to replace you, the American voters, with newly amnestied citizens and an ever increasing number of chain migrants."
- In October 2019, Jeanine Pirro was discussing Democrats' hatred of Trump on Fox Nation's The Todd Starnes Show. She declared, "Think about it. It is a plot to remake America, to replace American citizens with illegals that will vote for the Democrats."
- On April 8, 2021, on Tucker Carlson Tonight, the host explicitly promoted the ‘great replacement” theory. Carlson discussed “Third World” immigrants coming to the US who affiliate with the Democratic Party. He asserted, “I know that the left and all the little gatekeepers on Twitter become literally hysterical if you use the term 'replacement,' if you suggest that the Democratic Party is trying to replace the current electorate — the voters now casting ballots — with new people, more obedient voters from the Third World, but they become hysterical because that's what's happening, actually. Let's just say it. That's true."
- On April 11, 2021, Andrew Torba, the founder of Gab, posted on his own platform: “Now today the ADL is trying to cancel Tucker Carlson for daring to speak the truth about the reality of demographic replacement that is absolutely and unequivocally going on in The West. These are not ‘hateful’ statements, they objective facts that can no longer be ignored.”
Spreading Hate by Daniel Byman
Professor Byman begins his book by showing that racists in America have influenced racists throughout the world and that these white supremacists have joined forces to commit acts of terrorism in what is in their mind a race war fueled by The Great Replacement Theory, which stokes the fear of “white genocide,” a theme repeated on certain “cable news” shows on American television.
The book begins with white supremacist Brenton Tarrant shooting 51 Muslims at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in New Zealand in 2019. He posted his shootings on Facebook Live.
Though Australian, Tarrant was a disciple of American racism. He had the number 14 stamped on his rifle, referring to the 14-word credo of white supremacist ideologue David Lane, member of the 1980s terrorist group The Order.
Tarrant also released a manifesto of The Great Replacement, the motivation for the racial mass shootings, acts of terrorism committed in recent times:
- Mosques in New Zealand
- Walmart El Paso
- Tree of Life Synagogue in Pittsburg
- Dylann Roof’s massacre at African American church in Charleston
These massacres are referenced in “This Is America.”
These massacres are fueled by white paranoia, the belief that there is a “white genocide” and whites must protect themselves.
Such paranoia is an inversion of reality. Just as whites in America enjoy ten times the economic power over African Americans, whites have convinced themselves they are the victims.
Therefore, white racism is based on building up a sense of grievance and victimization. Cable TV news that gets high ratings from white audiences caters to white grievance and victimization even as they enjoy power. We’re dealing with an inversion of reality: What’s up is down and what’s down is up.
Just like in Jim Crow 1.0, The Lost Cause, making the preposterous claim that slavery made black people happy in a God-ordained paradise, The Great Replacement Theory states that whites are at a crossroads in history where their way of life, their dominance, and their power are all being threatened by The Others. Thus, we have a race war on our hands in Jim Crow 2.0.
World Race War Scaled in 2011
Daniel Byman observes that the world race war launched in 2011 when white supremacist Anders Behring Breivik killed 77 children at a youth camp run by a left-leaning organization, an episode captured in the Netflix movie 22 July.
All subsequent racial killings throughout the world have copied Breivik’s script of publishing a racist manifesto.
Let there be no mistake: Jim Crow 2.0 is international and multicultural. In the words of Daniel Byman: “The transnational white supremacist movement . . . is innovative, widespread, and deeply enmeshed in the politics of the United States, Europe, and other parts of the world where migration, racial equity, and social and economic change are challenging traditional power structures.”
One of the catalysts for the spike in racial terrorism was the election of Barack Obama, which created a counterreaction in which racists relied on Jim Crow 1.0 memes to caricature Obama and use his image as a danger sign that white America was losing the race war. This has led to a “heightened sensitivity on racial issues and a mainstreaming of once- marginalized viewpoints.”
As an example, high-ranking and very popular Republican Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia and Paul Gosar of Arizona attend white supremacist conventions with impunity. Not only are Greene and Gosar not marginalized, many fear they may be the future of their party.
Their behavior would have made them rank pariahs just 10 years ago. Now they enjoy popularity in their states.
Why does this matter? Because “incendiary rhetoric” of mainstream politicians emboldens racists and increases white supremacy fund-raising to commit more acts of violence.
When no political leaders draw a red line between a state representative and a white supremacy conference, white terrorism gets mainstreamed.
No such red line is being drawn today. Such misconduct is being normalized.
No Red Line in Jim Crow 1.0 Either
In 1914, United States Congressman James Thomas Heflin served on a platform of racism, anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, KKK, and other racist terrorist organizations, and he “was a dominant force in Alabama politics,” an example of the mainstreaming of politics and racism. We see this today in the likes of Marjorie Taylor Greene and Paul Gosar, the glue between Jim Crow 1.0 and 2.0.
The seeds of the race war were in Reconstruction, a time when poor whites saw black Americans enjoying “special preferences” and a war needed to be waged against them. Now in Jim Crow 2.0 a similar war against those “others enjoying special preferences” is being fomented by politicians and popular cable news broadcasters.
In 1963, the KKK committed an act of terrorism in Birmingham Alabama, killing four innocent black children at the 16th Street Baptist Church.
Between 1954 and 1968, white supremacists murdered 41 people, mostly Civil Rights activists.
Europe and America in Today’s Race War
In today’s race war, Europe has joined the United States, but as Byman observes, Europe doesn’t have America’s history of slavery, Jim Crow, and KKK. Europe’s main fuel for racism comes from immigration and The Great Replacement Theory. In Europe, such racists join the neo-Nazi Party. Much of their racism targets Muslims, Africans, and Asians.
In the 1980s, American “White Power Music” spread to Europe and inspired the neo-Nazis, creating a cultural bond between American and European racists. This includes Russia, which has “one of the most active white supremacists movements in the world” (69).
2011 Is the Acceleration Point of White Terrorism
During the global financial crisis, fear of the other spiked with the 2011 massacre committed by Breivik, which inspired similar massacres to this day:
- Moscow 2012
- Overland Park 2014
- Aztec High school 2017
- El Paso 2019
- Pittsburg 2019
- Christchurch, New Zealand 2019
We see that modern racists are social media-savvy and use the “celly as a tool.”
The Australian racial terrorist Brenton Tarrant, enraged that taxpayers were funding Muslim schools, used social media obsessively, and like other white supremacists is very familiar with memes: Pepe the Frog, pizza baking in an oven, a car running over protestors--all are commonly used.
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