English 1C Final Essay Requirements
One. Students will express critical viewpoints and develop original thesis-driven arguments in response to social, political, and philosophical issues and/or to works of literature and literary theory. This argumentative essay will be well organized, demonstrate an ability to support a claim using analysis and elements of argumentation, and integrate primary and secondary sources.
Two. The paper should use at least three sources and not over-rely on one main source for most of the information. Rather, it should use multiple sources and synthesize the information found in them.
Three. This paper will be approximately 5-6 pages in length, not including the Works Cited page, which is also required. The Works Cited page does NOT count toward length requirement.
Four. Within your argument, address issues of bias, credibility, and relevance.
Five. Analyze and employ logical structural methods such as inductive and deductive reasoning, cause and effect, logos, ethos, and pathos, and demonstrate understanding of formal and informal fallacies in language and thought.
Six. You must use MLA format for the document, in-text citations, and Works Cited page.
Seven. You must integrate quotations and paraphrases using signal phrases and analysis or commentary.
Eight. You must sustain your argument, use transitions effectively, and use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
Essay Options for Essay 4
Essay Writing Option 1
In a 1,200-word essay, support, refute, or complicate the contention that Chapter 14's essay selections persuasively show that one of America's central, ongoing conflicts is between the advantaged and those who are categorized as "The Other."
Many ignorant "microaggressions" are used to make people feel like they're a member of The Other.
Essay Writing Option 2
In a 1,200-word essay, support, refute, or complicate the notion that, according to Ehrenreich and bell hooks (Chapter 13), the poor are stigmatized as being "other" even by liberal cultural critics. Why does this happen? Explain.
Essay Writing Option 3
In a 1,200-word essay replace the Walmart Mythical Narrative (789) with the Walmart Reality. Make sure you have a clear thesis.
Essay Writing Option 4
In a 1,200-word essay, support, refute, or complicate Sally Satel and Scott O. Lilienfeld's contention (796) that neuromarketing is a hyped-up fraud that lines the pockets of its makers.
Essay Writing Option 5
In a 1,200-word essay, support, refute, or complicate Fareed Zakaria's contention (816) that the American-centered Economic Dominance Myth is becoming replaced with a global reality. What is this alleged myth of American dominance? Is it a myth at all? Explain.
Essay Writing Option 6
In a 1,200-word essay, watch the film American Sniper and this Bill Maher debate about the movie. Then support, refute, or complicate Maher's argument that Chris Kyle's use of the word "savages" makes him too ignorant and racist, demonizing the Other, to be a real hero. Consider the notion of a false narrative and how a false narrative or myth, complete with a mythic hero, accompanies the demonization of "The Other." On the other hand, consider the defense of Chris Kyle, that his hateful words are taken out of context. Address these issues in your argument.
Essay Writing Option 7
In the context of the Bill Maher video below, should we describe ISIS as a terror group based on the Islamic faith, or does such a description unfairly demonize peace-loving Muslims as "The Other"? For your research, you might consult "What ISIS Really Wants."
Pew Research gives us statistics based on polling on Muslims.
“White Privilege: The Invisible Knapsack” by Peggy McIntosh
One. When a race or genders suffers from disadvantages, what does that mean for other races and genders?
It means advantage for them. This is the cruel Darwinian principle that McIntosh explores here. Women have disadvantages, and this translates into advantages for men.
The same is true when it comes to people of color and white people.
McIntosh, a white writer, contends that whites are taught to NOT believe in white advantage or white privilege because for a white person to contemplate white privilege is to delve into guilt and be inconvenienced by the moral problems that such privilege ensues.
Because whites enjoy privilege without acknowledging it, they are guilty of unconscious oppression against people of color.
Some white people willfully ignore their privilege. As I've said before, many white people in the South attempt to sweep slavery under the carpet by saying the Civil War was about "Northern aggression" and "state rights." This mythical narrative of the Civil War is an attempt to absolve whites of their guilt and ti reinforce their sense of entitlement, namely "state rights," which is code for perpetuating racism.
A white woman, McIntosh wants to clear her conscience by making herself accountable for the white privileges she enjoys, and she wants other white people to do the same thing.
Some will say that embracing white guilt is a virtue; others will say that such an embrace is a "halo display," to show people how liberal and holier than thou you are.
Two. What are some of the privileges whites enjoy?
Whites don’t have to be as afraid of police officers shooting them. In fact, according to ProPublica analysis, blacks are 21 times more likely to get shot by police.
We don't have long prison sentences for drunk driving when 80% of drunk drivers are white men.
Whites have an easier time with loans and home ownership.
Whites live on average 5 more years than blacks.
Whites have 16 times greater wealth than blacks.
Here's an essay that gives a list of white privileges:
"11 facts about white privilege everyone should know"
Three. What is the difference between "earned strength" and "unearned power"?
Whiteness procures unearned power, which over time becomes taken for granted. As a white person acclimates to these privileges or unearned entitlements, he becomes numb to their effects on others. As the author writes, "I have met very few men who are truly distressed about systemic, earned male advantage and conferred dominance."
Perhaps a white coping mechanism for the inevitable guilt that results from having this type of privilege is to go into denial.
Essay Writing Option
In a 1,200-word essay, support, refute, or complicate the contention that Chapter 14's essay selections persuasively show that one of America's central, ongoing conflicts is between the advantaged and those who are categorized as "The Other."
Sample Thesis
What we learn from the selected readings in Chapter 14 is that the prejudices that afflict The Other exist in a dynamic tension between the privileges that are enjoyed by the white elect. This dynamic tension is evidenced in four major ways, including _______________________, ____________________, __________________, and ______________________.
Thesis That Disagrees with the Above
While I concede that there is a white-based privileged class in America and that there are forces that demonize The Other, some of the writers in Chapter 14 are guilty of exaggerating this dynamic in that this exaggeration obscures deeper social problems that are driving a wedge between the haves and the have-nots. These deeper social problems are _________________, ______________, _______________, and ___________________.
Thesis That Disagrees with White Privilege
The notion of white privilege is based on exaggeration of white guilt, the desire to silence opposing political voices, and the desire to have a holier than thou halo for being so politically correct.
Thesis That Refutes the Above
While some shrill demagogues abuse the notion of white privilege in order to silence their opposition and to be holier than thou in their appearance of political correctness, I know that, as a white man, I enjoy, objectively speaking, white privileges in the realm of police safety, community treatment, and financial advantages.
General Punctuation Rules Including Comma, Semicolon, and Colon
Semicolon Rules
Use semicolon for two related sentences:
Dark chocolate is my second favorite dessert; my first favorite is Costco-purchased Ghirardelli Triple-Chocolate Brownies.
When I was five years old, my parents moved us into the Royal Lanai Apartments of San Jose, California; by the time I was seven we had advanced to a large house in the nearby suburbs.
I used the Jack Crazy Man Ripped Abs Training Program for six months; it proved worthless: I'm as fat as ever.
Use semicolon for two related sentences separated by a conjunctive adverb:
I didn't get the pesto pizza; instead, I chose the zesty feta cheese with Greek olives.
I won't loan you a thousand dollars; however, I'll pay you $50 to wash my car.
Torrance is a good place to live a sedate, stagnant existence as you grow old in your elastic waistband Dockers; in contrast, Santa Monica is more snappy and urbane for aspiring hipsters.
I won't break up with you for cheating on me; nevertheless, you must now live with the guilt of knowing that I will forever feel like a rusty claw just ripped into my chest and tore out my heart.
Use semicolon to clarify a list:
Planet Earth was saved by Superman, the Man of Steel; Aquaman, the Creature of the Deep; Batman, the Caped Crusader; Captain America, Fighter for Justice; Wonder Woman, the Goddess of Crime Stoppers, and Thor, the Hero of Fury.
Without the semicolons, you would think the world was saved by 12 heroes when in fact it was saved by only 6.
Colon Rules
Use a colon to introduce a list:
My favorite desserts are the following: triple-chocolate brownies, cherry pie ladled with Italian vanilla gelato, fresh apple jelly donuts doused with powdered sugar, German chocolate cake, and cinnamon butter pecan coffee cake.
I decided to hire you for several reasons: One, you are reliable. Two, you pay attention to details. Three, you appear to be someone of conscience. Four, you appear to have a hard work ethic. And five, I'm hoping you can set me up with your sister. And perhaps throw in a few good words for me.
Use a colon to emphasize further explanation:
I feel like an old, beat-up dollar bill: Just as an old dollar bill is never accepted in the Coke machine, I'm never accepted by mainstream society.
I remember the first thought I had when my first girlfriend told me she loved me: Oh my God, I need to find a way to get out of this.
Use a colon to precede a quotation, a summary, or a paraphrase:
Paul Fussell explains that X People supremely discard middle-class values and mores: For X People, Fussell explains, the good life is experiencing the Now in all its richness, not groveling for some pathetic social status.
In the masterpiece memoir Muscle, author Samuel Wilson Fussell contemplates his growing paranoia and pent-up emotions: "The threat wasn't just from without; it also came from within. The fright I'd felt on the streets of New York I also felt deep within myself. Who was this man who cried not just at graduations and weddings but during beer and credit-card commercials? Who was this man terrified of his own rage, his own anger, his own greed, his own bitterness? Who was this man who never head a compliment without hearing a subtextual insult, who never said 'I love you' without resenting the other fact: 'I need you.' I couldn't deny it was me, or could I?"
McMahon Grammar Lesson: Comma Rules (based in part by Diana Hacker’s Rules for Writers)
Commas are designed to help writers avoid confusing sentences and to clarify the logic of their sentences.
If you cook Jeff will clean the dishes. (Will you cook Jeff?)
While we were eating a rattlesnake approached us. (Were we eating a rattlesnake?)
Comma Rule 1: Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) joining two independent clauses.
Rattlesnakes are high in protein, but I’d rather eat a peanut butter sandwich.
Rattlesnakes are dangerous, and the desert species are even more so.
We are a proud people, for our ancestors passed down these famous delicacies over a period of five thousand years.
The exception to rule 1 is when the two independent clauses are short:
The plane took off and we were on our way.
Comma Rule 2: Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase.
When Jeff Henderson was in prison, he developed an appetite for reading.
In the nearby room, the TV is blaring full blast.
Tanning in the hot Hermosa Beach sun for over two hours, I realized I had better call it a day.
The exception is when the short adverb clause or phrase is short and doesn’t create the possibility of a misreading:
In no time we were at 2,800 feet.
Comma Rule 3: Use a comma between all items in a series.
Jeff Henderson found redemption through hard work, self-reinvention, and social altruism.
Finding his passion, mastering his craft, and giving back to the community were all part of Jeff Henderson’s self-reinvention.
Comma Rule 4: Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined with “and.” Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives.
The adjectives below are called coordinate because they modify the noun separately:
Jeff Henderson is a passionate, articulate, wise speaker.
The adjectives above are coordinate because they can be joined with “and.” Jeff Henderson is passionate and articulate and wise.
Adjectives that do not modify the noun separately are cumulative.
Three large gray shapes moved slowly toward us.
Chocolate fudge peanut butter swirl coconut cake is divine.
Comma Rule 5: Use commas to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements.
Restrictive or essential information doesn’t have a comma:
For school the students need notebooks that are college-ruled.
Jeff’s cat that just had kittens became very aggressive.
Nonrestrictive:
For school the students need college-ruled notebooks, which are on sale at the bookstore.
Jeff Henderson’s mansion, which is located in Las Vegas, has a state-of-the-art kitchen.
My youngest sister, who plays left wing on the soccer team, now lives at The Sands, a beach house near Los Angeles.
McMahon Grammar Lesson: Mixed Structure
Mixed construction is when the sentence parts do not fit in terms of grammar or logic.
Once you establish a grammatical unit or pattern, you have to be consistent.
Example 1: The prepositional phrase followed by a verb
Faulty
For most people who suffer from learned helplessness double their risk of unemployment and living below the poverty line.
Corrected
For most people who suffer from learned helplessness, they find they will be twice as likely to face unemployment and poverty.
Faulty
In Ha Jin’s masterful short story collection renders the effects of learned helplessness.
Corrected
In Ha Jin’s masterful short story collection, we see the effects of learned helplessness.
Faulty
Depending on our method of travel and our destination determines how many suitcases we are allowed to pack.
Corrected
The number of suitcases we can pack is determined by our method of travel and our destination.
Mixed Structure 2: Using a verb after a dependent clause
Faulty
When Jeff Henderson is promoted to head chef without warning is very exciting.
Corrected
Being promoted to head chef without warning is very exciting for Jeff Henderson.
Mixed Structure 3: Mixing a subordinate conjunction with a coordinating conjunction
Faulty
Although Jeff Henderson is a man of great genius and intellect, but he misused his talents.
Corrected
Although Jeff Henderson is a man of great genius and intellect, he misused his talents.
Faulty
Even though Ellen heard French spoken all her life, yet she could not write it.
Corrected
Even though Ellen heard French spoken all her life, she could not write it.
Mixed Structure 4: The construction is so confusing you must to throw it away and start all over
Faulty
In the prison no-snitch code Jeff Henderson learns to recognize variations of the code rather than by its real application in which he learns to arrive at a more realistic view of the snitch code’s true nature.
Corrected
In prison Jeff Henderson discovered that the no-snitch code doesn’t really exist.
Faulty
Recurring bouts of depression among the avalanche survivors set a record for number patients admitted into mental hospitals.
Corrected
Recurring bouts of depression among avalanche survivors resulted in a large number of them being admitted into mental hospitals.
Mixed Structure 5: Faulty Predication: The subject and the predicate should make sense together.
Faulty
We decided that Jeff Henderson’s best interests would not be well served staying in prison.
Corrected
We decided that Jeff Henderson would not be well served staying in prison.
Faulty
Using a gas mask is a precaution now worn by firemen.
Corrected
Firemen wear gas masks as a precaution against smoke inhalation.
Faulty
Early diagnosis of prostrate cancer is often curable.
Corrected
Early diagnosis of prostrate cancer is essential for successful treatment.
Mixed Structure 6: Faulty Apposition: The appositive and the noun to which it refers should be logically equivalent
Faulty
The gourmet chef, a very lucrative field, requires at least 10,000 hours of practice.
Corrected
Gourmet cooking, a very lucrative field, requires at least 10,000 hours of practice.
Mixed Structure 7: Incorrect use of the “is when,” “is where,” and “is because” construction
College instructors discourage “is when,” “is where,” and most commonly “is because” constructions because they violate logic.
Faulty
Bipolar disorder is when people suffer dangerous mood swings.
Corrected
Bipolar disorder is often recognized by dangerous mood swings.
Faulty
A torn rotator cuff is where you feel this intense pain in your shoulder that won’t go away.
Corrected
A torn rotator cuff will cause chronic pain in your shoulder.
Faulty
The reason I write so many comma splices is because the complete sentences feel logically related to each other.
Corrected
I write so many comma splices because the complete sentences feel logically related to each other.
Faulty
The reason I ate the whole pizza is because my family was a half hour late from coming home to the park and I couldn’t wait any longer.
Corrected
I ate the entire pizza because I’m a glutton.
In-class exercise: Write a sample of the seven mixed structure types and show a corrected version of it:
One. Verb after a prepositional phrase
Two. Verb after a dependent clause
Three. Mixing a subordinating conjunction (Whenever, when, although, though, to name some) with a coordinate conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
Four. The sentence is so confusing you have to start over.
Five. Faulty predication
Six: Faulty apposition
Seven. Incorrect use of the “is when,” “is where,” and “is because” construction
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