Your Final Capstone Essay Readings and Argumentative Essay Options
Since I wrote the syllabus, a lot of current events or news developments have taken place that may be more compelling to us since the syllabus was written.
Original Syllabus from 11-14 to 12-7 readings for your final essay
11-14 Empathy Debate; Final Essay Requirements; Toulmin method
11-16 Conflicts of Free Speech, Privacy, and National Defense; counterargument
11-21 Debate about the scale of global jihad
11-23 Is the Anti-Vaxxer Movement Defensible?
11-28 Is Watching the NFL Morally Defensible?
11-30 Is the college essay dead?
12-5 Should we accept Syrian refugees?
12-7 Are we unfairly demonizing autistic people as being dangerous in an age of rage shooting?
12-12 Peer Edit for Essay 4
12-14 Final Essay 4 Due
Other Topics For Your Final Essay (Our topics don't come from our book, so we can revise the list)
Comparing Trump and Hitler: Is It Legit?
"What's Wrong with the Redskins?"
Steve Almond argues that we should stop watching the NFL in Salon.
"How Facebook Warps Our World"; "The Real Reason to Quit Facebook"; "6 Reasons to Delete Your Facebook Account Right Now"
"The Reign of Recycling"; "Environmentalism Is a Religion"; teach with Stephan Asma's "Green Guilt"
"Guns, Campuses, and Madness" by Frank Bruni; show with Stephen Colbert video; "A New Way to Tackle Gun Deaths" by Nicholas Kristof; "After a 1996 Mass Shooting . . ." by Will Oremus; "The Simple Truth About Gun Control" by Adam Gopnik; "The Second Amendment Is a Gun-Control Amendment" by Adam Gopnik; "The Gun Debate Won't be Won with Statistics" by David Auerbach; John Oliver video on guns
"Notes on the End of Restaurant Tipping"; "You Can't Love People But Hate Their Religion"
"Addiction is not a disease"; Addiction is not a disease" reviewed by Laura Miller ;"Is Addiction a Habit or a Disease?" by Zachary Siegel; "Addiction is a Disease and Needs to be Treated as Such"by David Sack
Morality of Food Choices in Malcolm Gladwell's Podcast; Malcolm Gladwell's Food Fight; Bowdoin's Defense Against Gladwell; Mother Jones Challenges Gladwell; Gladwell's Food Fight podcast on YouTube; Defense of Gladwell
Forgiving All Student Loan Debt Would be an Awful, Regressive Idea ; The Problem with Public Colleges Going Tuition-Free
Linking Higher Wages to Lower Crimes; Should We Raise the Minimum Wage?; Raising Minimum Wage Won't Reduce Inequality; Minimum Wage Hike Is the Wrong Fix; Why We Need to Raise the Minimum Wage; Minimum Wage Debate: Who's Right?; Minimum Wage Laws: Ruinous Compassion; Minimum Wage Laws and Dangers of Government by Decree; "The Fight Against 15"
Ta-Nehisi Coates' "The Case for Reparations"; Coates and Bernie Saunders on Reparations; "The Enduring Solidarity of Whiteness";"An Open Letter to Ta-Nehisi Coates and the Liberals Who Love Him"; "Ta-Nehisi Coates' Case for Reparations and Spiritual Awakening"; "The Case Against Reparations"; "Race without Class"; "The Radical Chic of Ta-Nehisi Coates"; "The Case for Considering Reparations"; "The Impossibility of Reparations"; "The Radical Practicality of Reparations"; "An Ingenious and Powerful Case for Reparations in The Atlantic"; "Ta-Nehisi Coates and the Case for Reparations"
Proposed Revised Syllabus for 11-14 to 12-7
11-14: Do anti-vaxxers have any credible arguments to support their position?
11-16: Is is legit to compare Trump to Hitler? Are we morally compelled to boycott the NFL?
11-21: Are we morally compelled to provide reparations to eligible African-Americans? Part I
11-23: Are we morally compelled to provide reparations to eligible African-Americans? Part II
11-28: Are there legit reasons to increase the minimum wage? Part I
11-30: Are there legit reasons to increase the minimum wage? Part II
12-5: Are there legit reasons to forgive student loans? Should college be tuition-free?
12-7: Are private colleges morally compelled to replace gourmet food with "plain" food so those money savings can bring in more low-income students?
Essay One, drawn from The True American, is Due September 21:
Develop a thesis that addresses these questions: What are the challenges of achieving the American Dream as we find ourselves in a place where the terror that threatens America from the outside collides with the barbarian within? In other words, how does this collision of forces make the American Dream more precarious and fragile than ever? What forces of light and wisdom are illuminated in The True American that might help us navigate out of this crisis?
What is the "barbarian within"?
When self-interest and ambition are not tempered by virtue and morality, they curdle into a toxic tribalism, racism, and prejudice that hurl hate at the "Outsider," or "Los Otros," as the scapegoat for all of one's problems, and for explaining why one is not getting "a big enough piece of the pie."
Suggested Outline for Your Essay
Paragraph 1: Summarize book.
Paragraph 2: Highlight 3 or 4 major themes that you find to be the most compelling and relevant from the book.
Paragraph 3: Write your thesis by answering an important question from the essay prompt.
Paragraphs 4-8: Write paragraphs that support your thesis.
Paragraph 9: Your conclusion is a restatement of your thesis with greater emotional power (pathos).
Final page: MLA Works Cited (you can try Easy Bib). Be sure to using hanging indent format for MLA. Here's a Create MLA Works Cited video. Here's the 2016 MLA Format.
The Above Outline Doesn't Work If You're Using Terms That Need to be Defined
For example, if your thesis contains terms that require extended definition, you may need to define your terms in your introductory paragraph.
Example of a Thesis That Requires Introduction with Extended Definition
Anand Girdharadas' masterpiece The True American makes a persuasive case for us to shun the mestastasizing cancer of xenophobia and in its place embrace cosmopolitanism. By examining xenophobia, as an ideology, in the context of Girdharadas' book and cosmopolitanism, we gain a deeper understanding of what it means to be a false American and a true one.
Two Paragraphs That Define Important Terms Followed by the Thesis
The ideology of xenophobia, fear of the stranger, is rooted in ignorance, economic catastrophe, and the kind of desperate bigotry that needs to blame a scapegoat for what appears to be a world of overwhelming chaos that is replacing what the xenophobe perceives to be his lost paradise, an age where he felt a sense of power, entitlement, and belonging. For example, Donald Trump is the consummate xenophobe demagogue who has galvanized a swath of America's isolationist xenophobes in his quest to reside as America's Commander in Chief. As we read The True American, we see this xenophobia fuel white supremacist Mark Stroman's murder spree against men of color whom Stroman perceives to be Muslim terrorists. Giridharadas masterfully and compassionately shows that America is rife with legions of Mark Stroman's, unhinged, fatherless souls with no moral guidance or economic prospect, or sense of belonging. These broken spirits are vulnerable to the hate-filled ideologies of white supremacists and other rancid ideologues.
In stark contrast, Girdharadas juxtaposes this toxic xenophobia with Raisuddin Bhuiyan, the victim of Stroman's shooting spree who forgave his assailant and provided economic and emotional support to Stroman and Stroman's family. Bhuiyan is the antithesis of the xenophobe. Bhuyan is the cosmopolitan, the educated, moral citizen of the world whose immigration to America provides America with the type of people and resources that can make America a great country. When America embraces cosmopolitanism, the ideology that we all share a common morality and humanity, we become true to our country's mission.
Examining these opposite ideologies, Anand Girdharadas' masterpiece The True American makes a persuasive case for us to shun the metastasizing cancer of xenophobia and in its place embrace cosmopolitanism. By examining xenophobia, as an ideology, in the context of Girdharadas' book and cosmopolitanism, we gain a deeper understanding of what it means to be a false American and a true one.
Good Resource for Your Essay
David Brooks' "The Moral Bucket List"
Raisuddin Bhuiyan is a perfect example of someone who balances ambition with virtue and whose values contribute to American society. He is, in other words, "The True American."
In contrast, the racist white supremacist Mark Stroman sees himself, erroneously, as "The True American" who must defend his fellow Americans (fellow white Americans) from "The Other." His hate, ignorance, and violence make him a cancer on society, so that he is in actuality the antithesis of a true or good American.
Some will argue that a movement in America with Stroman's racist values has rallied to champion a reality show demagogue who is making a run for America's highest political office.
True American Study Questions
The True American: Murder and Mercy in Texas by Anand Giridharadas
Lesson 1: 1-53; Lesson 2: 54-131; Lesson 3: 132-166; Lesson 4: 167-233; Lesson 5: 234-end
Lesson One
One. What are the key similarities and differences of Bangladesh and America?
The poverty hell of America is less of a hell than in Bangladesh with one exception: The poor in America, Raisuddin observes, often suffer their squalor in a state of pitiable loneliness.
In other words, a lot of poor Americans don't have family support. Too many Americans are isolated in their suffering.
At least in Bangladesh, poverty is a communal experience.
Loneliness bears pathologies that Raisudden didn’t see in Bangladesh, a sort of craziness and desperation that leads to addictive behavior as people become more and more disconnected from people.
We read on page 4:
A fearsome wildness could thrive amid this isolation. The people around Rais seemed to him to live largely unobliged to their parents, their teachers, even in many cases their God. They had no one to answer to. Every man for himself, they sometimes called it. Four months at the Buckner Food Mart was plenty of time to discover what a terrifying idea that was. He was coming to see how the poverty of a place that is breaking can differ from the poverty of a place still being made.
It could be argued that Rais’ attacker was one of these lonely people who go crazy.
Two. What are Rais’ psychological characteristics?
He is full of long-suffering, full of fortitude, he values charity, he values sacrifice of short-term comfort for long-term success.
He shut his mouth when he broke his wrists during Air Force military training. He quit the Air Force Academy to go to America and pursue the American Dream.
He has a sense of justice and fairness. He is loyal to his employer. He is loyal to his long-distance love Abida.
He knows success, he was in the military, and has enough education to work in computers, but his dream to live in America results in a trek that would have him suffer a gas station job, working from 5 AM to 1 AM. He's getting by on 4 hours sleep a night just to survive in America.
He sees the 9/11 terrorists not as real Muslims but as evil people who because of their evil deed cannot be real Muslims (25).
Three. What irony in Mark Stroman’s shooting of Rais and how does this irony not only point to the book’s main theme but the writing assignment?
Mark Stroman sees himself as a protector of American soil, but in fact he is a crazy, drug-addicted, ignorant, racist, emotionally unhinged, attention-craving, suicidal, murderous xenophobe who represents a cancer on the American dream of justice and freedom. He is a white male looking wild-eyed at a world with growing diversity. Unable to join such a diverse world, Stroman sees himself as being left behind and as a "misunderstood" outsider. He lashes out. He's corrosive.
As such, even though he is a true believer full of conviction that he is a real American patriot, he is no more a true patriot, in Rais’ eyes, than are the 9/11 hijackers real Muslims.
In fact, Stroman has more in common with the 9/11 hijackers than any real American patriot and Rais has more in common with real patriotism and American values.
The book emphasizes this moral reversal.
America is full of hundreds of thousands, perhaps even millions, of Mark Stromans. They're in their mid fifties, but they look like they're in their seventies. Why? Because they have no discipline.
They have no jobs or they are under-employed.
They drink all day.
They call radio political talk shows and wait they're on hold for an hour and they scream and slur in their phones. They're corrosive and they're a cancer.
You will see men who look good at 55. Why? Because they have discipline. They don't smoke, they don't drink, they workout.
But the Mark Stromans of the world are drug addicts, drunks, and prefer to remain uneducated. Their default setting is racism. Why? Because they don't want to take responsibility for their own lives. They want to blame "The Other," the immigrant, the person who comes here and works 80 hours a week without complaining.
The Mark Stromans of this country are hostile to America's "true Americans," the hard-working people who are trying to achieve the American Dream.
Wall Street Journal Book Review
Essay One, drawn from The True American, is Due September 21:
Develop a thesis that addresses these questions: What are the challenges of achieving the American Dream as we find ourselves in a place where the terror that threatens America from the outside collides with the barbarian within? In other words, how does this collision of forces make the American Dream more precarious and fragile than ever? What forces of light and wisdom are illuminated in The True American that might help us navigate out of this crisis?
Challenges of achieving the American Dream
One. Housing expenses are less affordable.
Two. The One Percent continues to enjoy the distribution of wealth. See Washington Post, Fortune, and Washington Post on Bernie Sanders Report.
Three. Healthcare costs continue to rise.
Four. Student debt continues to rise every second.
Five. American job market is uncertain with outsourcing, robots, new business models, etc.
Six. Stagnant wages eat away at families trying to survive.
In such a climate a political demagogue who feeds on hate will try to blame the outsider or the immigrant and bank on people's racist fears.
Thesis checklist from Purdue Owl
Your thesis is the one sentence in your essay that announces your argument to your reader.
Your thesis is your essay's central argument that can demonstrated with evidence and logic.
Your thesis is often debatable and allows you to address opposing views.
Your thesis is more than a general statement about your main idea. It needs to establish a clear position you will support with balanced proofs (logos, pathos, ethos). Use the checklist below to help you create a thesis.
Thesis Examples
Thesis That Supports Accepting Syrian Refugees
Americans should accept Syrian refugees because the intangible benefits outweigh the tangible risks.
The tangible risks are a lack of assimilation and financial burden on American tax payer and that some are ISIS recruits. However, to turn our backs on a humanitarian crisis makes us morally ugly and moral ugliness is not a legacy we want to pass down to our children. Moral ugliness is a disease that spreads evil. For two examples, America stood by during the Armenian genocide and stood by when European Jews were sent back to Europe as their ships waited for entry on America's coastline. Refugees from Honduras and El Salvador are being sent back to gang-ruled societies where children are forced to be foot soldiers for gang leaders.
Morally ugly societies rank low on the Happiness Index.
Another thesis example:
Even though we give lip service to having moral integrity, we find that none of us truly has moral integrity because our self-interest always compromises it evidenced by every day circumstances (cheating on a college test if you knew you could get away with it; finding millions of dollars of stolen money if you knew you would never get caught; finding a wallet, etc.)
The following section is adapted from Writing with a Thesis: A Rhetoric Reader by David Skwire and Sarah Skwire:
Make sure you avoid the following when creating your thesis:
- A thesis is not a title: Homes and schools (title) vs. Parents ought to participate more in the education of their children (good thesis).
- A thesis is not an announcement of the subject: My subject is the incompetence of the Supreme Court vs. The Supreme Court made a mistake when it ruled in favor of George W. Bush in the 2000 election.
- A thesis is not a statement of absolute fact: Jane Austen is the author of Pride and Prejudice.
- A thesis is not the whole essay: A thesis is your main idea/claim/refutation/problem-solution expressed in a single sentence or a combination of sentences.
- Please note that according to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition, "A thesis statement is a single sentence that formulates both your topic and your point of view" (Gibaldi 42). However, if your paper is more complex and requires a thesis statement, your thesis may require a combination of sentences.
Quick Checklist for Your Thesis Statement:
_____ The thesis/claim follows the guidelines outlined above
_____ The thesis/claim matches the requirements and goals of the assignment
_____ The thesis/claim is clear and easily recognizable
_____ The thesis/claim seems supportable by good reasoning/data, emotional appeal
Successful Thesis Template Examples
McMahon's argument that we should embrace Syrian refugees is flawed evidenced by ____________, ______________, ______________, and ___________________.
McMahon's contention that as a general principle we do not have moral integrity is form of cheap cynicism that collapses under the weight of various fallacies, which include ______________, _____________, ____________, and __________________.
The New Jim Crow is a failed/successful analogy to the original Jim Crow because __________________, ________________, _____________________, and __________________.
While Alexander makes a compelling critique of the mass incarceration system, her analogy between Jim Crow and incarceration as "The New Jim Crow" collapses when we consider ______________, ______________, ___________, and ______________.
While through Alexander's own admission the analogy between Jim Crow and mass incarceration as "The New Jim Crow" is not a perfect one, we can make the case that those who would dismiss her analogy entirely are in grave error when we consider these major flaws in their thinking, which include ___________, ___________, _____________, and _______________.
Michelle Alexander has written a brilliant critique of mass incarceration in which she points out its moral bankruptcy in ways that are beyond dispute. However, her book is a failure because she squandered the opportunity to point out the real causes of this moral bankruptcy, which include __________, ___________, __________, and ____________.
The assertion that Alexander's book falls short because it fails to address the deeper problems caused by free market capitalism collapses when we consider ___________, __________, ___________, and ________________.
While Alexander's book is hardly perfect and contains some serious flaws, her overall argument is compelling when we consider ____________, ____________, __________, and _______________.
Use stipulation (show conditions or requirements) and nuance (showing subtle distinctions) to inform your thesis and give it appropriate sophistication for a complicated topic:
If you keep your costs down and major in something that utilizes your passions and has strong market value, getting a college degree, while not guaranteeing financial success, is your best play for entering the job market.
Use concession clause
While majors in the humanities would probably not be in your best financial interests, marketable majors such as finance, accounting, computer science, and engineering should give you upward economic mobility if you can keep your costs down.
While the job market is declining while college costs continue to skyrocket, going to college is still your best play for upward economic mobility unless you are a tech or sales whiz.
Use refutation thesis
The argument of going to college or not is a false argument since there is overwhelming evidence that compels us to conclude that going to college is our best financial play. The real argument is WHAT kind of major do we pursue and at WHAT cost? In other words, the argument should focus on the ratio of financial potential to college costs.
The question isn't going to college or not; the real question is do I major in a "safe bet" and approach my career like a soulless mercenary or do I choose my major based on my passions and say the hell with making money?
We should not either major in a "safe bet" or a passion-based guarantee of lifelong poverty; rather, we should seek a balance.
Study the Templates of Argumentation
While the author’s arguments for meaning are convincing, she fails to consider . . .
While the authors' supports make convincing arguments, they must also consider . . .
These arguments, rather than being convincing, instead prove . . .
While these authors agree with Writer A on point X, in my opinion . . .
Although it is often true that . . .
While I concede that my opponents make a compelling case for point X, their main argument collapses underneath a barrage of . . .
While I see many good points in my opponent’s essay, I am underwhelmed by his . . .
While my opponent makes some cogent points regarding A, B, and C, his overall argument fails to convince when we consider X, Y, and Z.
My opponent makes many provocative and intriguing points. However, his arguments must be dismissed as fallacious when we take into account W, X, Y, and Z.
While the author’s points first appear glib and fatuous, a closer look at his polemic reveals a convincing argument that . . .
Thesis that is a claim of cause and effect:
Parents who refuse to vaccinate their children tend to be narcissistic people of privilege who believe their sources of information are superior to “the mainstream media”; who are looking for simple explanations that might protect their children from autism; who are confusing correlation with causality; and who are benefiting from the very vaccinations they refuse to give their children.
Thesis that is a claim of argumentation:
Parents who refuse to vaccinate their children should be prosecuted by the law because they are endangering the public and they are relying on pseudo-intellectual science to base their decisions.
To test a thesis, we must always ask: “What might be objections to my claim?”
Prosecuting parents will only give those parents more reason to be paranoid that the government is conspiring against them.
There are less severe ways to get parents to comply with the need to vaccinate their children.
One. Checklist for Critical Thinking
My attitude toward critical thinking:
Does my thinking show imaginative open-mindedness and intellectual curiosity? Or do I exist in a circular, self-feeding, insular brain loop resulting in solipsism? The latter is also called living in the echo chamber.
Am I willing to honestly examine my assumptions?
Am I willing to entertain new ideas—both those that I encounter while reading and those that come to mind while writing?
Am I willing to approach a debatable topic by using dialectical argument, going back and forth between opposing views?
Am I willing to exert myself—for instance, to do research—to acquire information and to evaluate evidence?
My skills to develop critical thinking
Can I summarize an argument accurately?
Can I evaluate assumptions, evidence, and inferences?
Can I present my ideas effectively—for instance, by organizing and by writing in a manner appropriate to my imagined audience?
Ways to Improve Your Critical Reading
- Do a background check of the author to see if he or she has a hidden agenda or any other kind of background information that speaks to the author’s credibility.
- Check the place of publication to see what kind of agenda, if any, the publishing house has. Know how esteemed the publishing house is among peers of the subject you’re reading about.
- Learn how to find the thesis. In other words, know what the author’s purpose, explicit or implicit, is.
- Annotate more than underline. Your memory will be better served, according to research, by annotating than underlining. You can scribble your own code in the margins as long as you can understand your writing when you come back to it later. Annotating is a way of starting a dialogue about the reading and writing process. It is a form of pre-writing. Forms of annotation that I use are “yes,” (great point) “no,” (wrong, illogical, BS) and “?” (confusing). When I find the thesis, I’ll also write that in the margins. Or I’ll write down an essay or book title that the passage reminds me of. Or maybe even an idea for a story or a novel.
- When faced with a difficult text, you will have to slow down and use the principles of summarizing and paraphrasing. With summary, you concisely identify the main points in one or two sentences. With paraphrase, you re-word the text in your own words.
- When reading an argument, see if the writer addresses possible objections to his or her argument. Ask yourself, of all the objections, did the writer choose the most compelling ones? The more compelling the objections addressed, the more rigorous and credible the author’s writing.
To read critically, we have to do the following:
One. Comprehend the author's purpose and meaning, which is expressed in the claim or thesis
Two. Examine the evidence, if any, that is used
Three. Find emotional appeals, if any, that are used
Four. Identify analogies and comparisons and analyze their legitimacy
Five. Look at the topic sentences to see how the author is building his or her claim
Six. Look for the appeals the author uses be they logic (logos), emotions (pathos), or authority (ethos).
Seven. Is the author's argument diminished by logical fallacies?
Eight. Do you recognize any bias in the essay that diminishes the author's argument?
Nine. Do we bring any prejudice that may compromise our ability to evaluate the argument fairly?
Being a Critical Reader Means Being an Active Reader
To be an active reader we must ask the following when we read a text:
One. What is the author’s thesis or purpose?
Two. What arguments is the author responding to?
Three. Is the issue relevant or significant? If not, why?
Four. How do I know that what the author says is true or credible? If not, why?
Five. Is the author’s evidence legitimate? Sufficient? Why or why not?
Six. Do I have legitimate opposition to the author’s argument?
Seven. What are some counterarguments to the author’s position?
Eight. Has the author addressed the most compelling counterarguments?
Nine. Is the author searching for truth or is the author beholden to an agenda, political, business, lobby, or something else?
Ten. Is the author’s position compromised by the use of logical fallacies such as either/or, Straw Man, ad hominem, non sequitur, confusing causality with correlation, etc.?
Eleven. Has the author used effective rhetorical strategies to be persuasive? Rhetorical strategies in the most general sense include ethos (credibility), logos (clear logic), and pathos (appealing to emotion). Another rhetorical strategy is the use of biting satire when one wants to mercilessly attack a target.
Twelve. You should write in the margins of your text (annotate) to address the above questions. Using annotations increases your memory and reading comprehension far beyond passive reading. And research shows annotating while reading is far superior to using a highlighter, which is mostly a useless exercise.
An annotation can be very brief. Here are some I use:
?
Wrong
Confusing
Thesis
Proof 1
Counterargument
Good point
Genius
Lame
BS
Cliché
Condescending
Full of himself
Contradiction!
Critical Writing
Applying your critical thinking to academic writing
You will find that your task as a writer at the higher levels of critical thinking is to argue.
You will express your argument in 6 ways:
One. You will define a situation that calls for some response in writing by asking critical questions. For example, is the Confederate flag a symbol of honor and respect for the heritage of white people in the South? Or is the flag a symbol of racial hatred, slavery, and Jim Crow?
Two. You will demonstrate the timeliness of your argument. In other words, why is your argument relevant?
Why is it relevant for example to address the decision of many parents to NOT vaccinate their children?
Three. Establish your personal investment in the topic. Why do you care about the topic you’re writing about?
You may be alarmed to see exponential increases in college costs and this is personal because you have children who will presumably go to college someday.
Four. Appeal to your readers by anticipating their thoughts, beliefs, and values, especially as they pertain to the topic you are writing about. You may be arguing a vegetarian diet to people who are predisposed to believing that vegetarian eating is a hideous exercise in self-denial and amounts to torture.
You may have to allay their doubts by making them delicious vegetarian foods or by convincing them that they can make such meals.
You may be arguing against the NFL to those who defend it on the basis of the relatively high salaries NFL players make. Do you have an answer to that?
Five. Support your argument with solid reasons and compelling evidence. If you're going to make the claim that the NFL is morally repugnant, can you support that? How?
Six. Anticipate your readers’ reasons for disagreeing with your position and try to change their mind so they “see things your way.” We call this “making the readers drink your Kool-Aid.”
He can’t even articulate his hatred or the target of his hatred. He felt “anger and the hate towards an unknown force” and anyone with “shawls on their face.”
He bullied anyone who looked different, and his violence escalated.
In many ways, he is like the terrorist Mohammed Atta. We read, “He would become the patriotic American inverse of ‘Mohammed Atta and all them fanatics’ from 9/11.
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